{"id":371812,"date":"2022-08-11T17:17:15","date_gmt":"2022-08-11T15:17:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/all-andorra.com\/?p=371812"},"modified":"2024-05-11T17:28:01","modified_gmt":"2024-05-11T15:28:01","slug":"veliki-novgorod","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/all-andorra.com\/fr\/veliki-novgorod\/","title":{"rendered":"Veliki Novgorod*"},"content":{"rendered":"

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Novgorod<\/strong> (en russe : \u041d\u043e\u0432\u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434, \u00ab ville neuve \u00bb), officiellement Veliki Novgorod (en russe : \u0412\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u041d\u043e\u0432\u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434), est une ville russe<\/strong><\/a> du district f\u00e9d\u00e9ral du Nord-Ouest. Centre administratif de l’oblast de Novgorod, et du ra\u00efon de Novgorod, dont elle ne fait cependant pas partie, elle a le statut de ville d’importance r\u00e9gionale de l’oblast et forme un okroug urbain. Sa population s’\u00e9levait en 2023 \u00e0 223 191 personnes, et ses habitants sont appel\u00e9s les Novgorodiens.<\/p>\n

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Histoire<\/strong><\/p>\n

Veliki Novgorod est l’une des plus anciennes villes de Russie selon l’une des versions de la Premi\u00e8re chronique de Novgorod, o\u00f9 se serait pass\u00e9 l’appel des Var\u00e8gues, \u00e9v\u00e8nement traditionnellement associ\u00e9 \u00e0 la naissance de l’\u00c9tat russe, et la premi\u00e8re capitale d’un \u00c9tat russe. Au Moyen \u00c2ge, elle est le deuxi\u00e8me centre le plus important de la Rus’ de Kiev apr\u00e8s Kiev. Entre le XII\u00e8me et le XV\u00e8me si\u00e8cle, c’\u00e9tait la capitale de la r\u00e9publique de Novgorod, et ce jusqu’\u00e0 son annexion \u00e0 la grande-principaut\u00e9 de Moscou<\/strong><\/a> en 1478. Elle est ensuite le centre du pays de Novgorod au sein du tsarat de Russie.<\/p>\n

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La date officielle de la fondation de Novgorod est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e 859, selon la premi\u00e8re mention de la ville dans la fin de la Chronique de Nikon du XV\u00e8me si\u00e8cle. Dans la Chronique des temps pass\u00e9s, \u00e9crite au XII\u00e8me si\u00e8cle, la ville est mentionn\u00e9e pour la premi\u00e8re fois sous l’an 862. N\u00e9anmoins, les premi\u00e8res couches arch\u00e9ologiques dat\u00e9es de mani\u00e8re fiable de Novgorod ne remontent pas au-del\u00e0 des ann\u00e9es 930. Dans le deuxi\u00e8me quart du X\u00e8me si\u00e8cle, le premier pont sur le fleuve Volkhov y fut construit.<\/p>\n

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En 1136, Novgorod devient la premi\u00e8re r\u00e9publique libre sur le territoire de la Rus’ de Kiev. D\u00e8s lors, les pouvoirs du prince de Novgorod sont fortement limit\u00e9s par les boyards et l’assembl\u00e9e populaire de la v\u00e9tch\u00e9. La ville conquiert alors de grandes terres dans le Nord russe. Entre les XII\u00e8me et XV\u00e8me si\u00e8cles, Novgorod fait partie de la ligue hans\u00e9atique, et s’enrichit fortement du commerce. Novgorod n’a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 soumise \u00e0 l’invasion mongole, bien qu’elle ait rendu hommage \u00e0 la Horde. Elle a ainsi conserv\u00e9 des monuments uniques de l’architecture russe ancienne de la p\u00e9riode pr\u00e9-mongole, le plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bre \u00e9tant la cath\u00e9drale Sainte-Sophie. Elle fut la seule ville de la Rus’ \u00e0 avoir \u00e9chapp\u00e9 au d\u00e9clin et \u00e0 la fragmentation au XI\u00e8me et XII\u00e8me si\u00e8cles.<\/p>\n

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En 1478, elle est annex\u00e9e par Ivan III, et en 1569 et 1570, elle subit le massacre par les opritchnisk du tsar Ivan IV, perdant alors son statut d’une des principales villes de Russie. Entre 1611 et 1617, la ville est sous domination su\u00e9doise. Avec la fondation de Saint-P\u00e9tersbourg<\/strong><\/a> en 1703, la ville perd de son importante \u00e9conomique, et reste \u00e0 l’\u00e9cart des principales routes commerciales. \u00c0 partir de 1727, elle devient le centre du gouvernement de Novgorod, et est int\u00e9gr\u00e9e en 1927 \u00e0 l’oblast de L\u00e9ningrad. Pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale, elle est occup\u00e9e par les Allemands et est presque enti\u00e8rement d\u00e9truite. Apr\u00e8s la lib\u00e9ration, elle redevient un centre r\u00e9gional avec la formation de l’oblast de Novgorod, tandis qu’elle est reconstruite et restaur\u00e9e par le pays. En 1992, l’UNESCO a class\u00e9 le site au rang de patrimoine mondial.<\/p>\n

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G\u00e9ographie<\/strong><\/p>\n

Novgorod est situ\u00e9e dans l’oblast de Novgorod, un sujet du nord-ouest de la partie europ\u00e9enne de la Russie. La ville fait partie du district f\u00e9d\u00e9ral du Nord-Ouest, se situant \u00e0 180 km au sud-est de Saint-P\u00e9tersbourg, la capitale du district. La capitale Moscou est \u00e0 552 km au sud-est. Le fuseau horaire est l’heure de Moscou (MSK, UTC+03:00).<\/p>\n

La ville proprement dite, forme une subdivision de l’oblast sous le nom d’okroug urbain de Veliki Novgorod (un okroug urbain). Dans ses limites actuelles, la ville couvre une superficie de 93,7 km\u00b2.<\/p>\n

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Hydrographie<\/strong><\/p>\n

Veliki Novgorod est travers\u00e9e par la rivi\u00e8re Volkhov et est bord\u00e9e par le lac Ilmen. Alors que la rive droite est plate et surtout tr\u00e8s mar\u00e9cageuse, sa rive gauche est sur\u00e9lev\u00e9e, o\u00f9 se trouve la majeure partie de la ville. La rive gauche s’appelle la rive de Sainte-Sophie tandis que la rive droite est la rive du Commerce.<\/p>\n

La situation g\u00e9ographique est favorable au transport, car les rivi\u00e8res et ruisseaux Lovat, Chelon, Msta, qui se jettent dans le lac, ainsi que la Volkhov, ouvrent des voies de transport id\u00e9ales. Le fleuve Volkhov se jette dans le lac Ladoga, d’o\u00f9 l’on peut rejoindre la mer Baltique en passant par Saint-P\u00e9tersbourg. Il existe une connexion avec le bassin de la Volga et la mer Noire via les rivi\u00e8res du sud de l’oblast Novgorod.<\/p>\n

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G\u00e9ologie<\/strong><\/p>\n

La ville se situe dans la plaine d’Europe orientale (dite \u00ab plaine russe \u00bb) et dans la partie la plus orientale des croupes lacustres de la Baltique. G\u00e9ologiquement, la ville se trouve sur la plate-forme russe, qui se compose principalement de s\u00e9diments datant du Prot\u00e9rozo\u00efque inf\u00e9rieur au C\u00e9nozo\u00efque, qui couvraient de vastes zones du proto-continent Fenno-sarmatia. Contrairement aux montagnes environnantes, la plate-forme russe est pauvre en ressources min\u00e9rales malgr\u00e9 sa taille.<\/p>\n

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Architecture and main attractions<\/strong><\/p>\n

The architecture of Veliky Novgorod can be divided into several periods of development:<\/p>\n

\u2022 The architecture of ancient Novgorod (this includes the period from the emergence of the city in the 9th century to the annexation of the Novgorod Republic to the Russian state).
\n\u2022 The architecture of Novgorod is part of the Russian state and the Russian Empire (the period from the middle of the 15th century to 1917).<\/p>\n

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The most important building of ancient Novgorod before the emergence of the veche<\/em> republic was the St. Sophia Cathedral, built in 1045-1050. Together with the citadel, it formed the monumental center of the city, uniting separate settlements (ends) around itself. Opposite the citadel, on the Yaroslav’s Court, in 1113, the Nikolo-Dvorishchensky Cathedral was founded – the compositional center of the Trade Side, which after 1136 became the main veche temple of Novgorod. In addition, in 1119, the Cathedral of St. George was built, and in 1117-1119 – the Cathedral of the Nativity of the Virgin was in the St. Anthony Monastery.<\/p>\n

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The Novgorod Detinets, also known as the Novgorod Kremlin, is a fortified complex. It stands on the left bank of the Volkhov River about two miles north of where it empties of Lake Ilmen. Novgorod Detinets, as part of the historical center of Veliky Novgorod, is included in the UNESCO World Heritage List.<\/p>\n

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The compound was originally the site of a pagan burial ground upon which the first bishop of Novgorod, Ioakim Korsunianin, built the Cathedral of Holy Wisdom upon his arrival in the area around 989. Thus, the compound was and remained largely an ecclesiastical site. However, many Novgorodian boyars built their houses in the southern part of the Detinets.<\/p>\n

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The first reference of the fortification on the site dates to 1044, with additional construction in 1116. These were probably earthen embankments topped by a wooden palisade, although stone towers and walls were built in 1302.<\/p>\n

Archbishop Vasily Kalika (1330\u20131352) rebuilt the stone wall along the eastern side of the Detinets in 1331\u20131335. The rest was completed in stone only in 1400. Under the rule of Archbishop Evfimy II (1429\u20131458), a council hall for the nobility council and a clock tower were built in the Episcopal compound in 1433 and 1436, respectively. Due to its elaborate Gothic vaults, the council hall, now called the Episcopal Chamber or the Chamber of Facets, is one of the easternmost examples of Brick Gothic. In 1437, part of Vasily’s walls collapsed into the Volkhov River and were rebuilt by Evfimy II.<\/p>\n

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The fortress was rebuilt between 1484 and 1490 by Muscovite builders in the wake of Grand Prince Ivan III’s conquest of the city in 1478; a third of it was paid for by the Novgorodian archbishop Gennady, a Muscovite appointee (1484\u20131504).<\/p>\n

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It is a large oval 545 meters long and 240 meters wide with nine surviving towers (three additional towers have not survived). The tallest tower, the Kokui Tower, is capped by a silver dome. It was built in the 18th century, and its name is of Swedish origin. Today it is possible to enter this tower and climb to the top. The walls are 1,487 meters in circumference.<\/p>\n

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During this period, the Grand Dukes, and later the tsars, built many churches in Novgorod and its environs. So, in 1557, the Church of Nikita the Martyr was built in the 1560s Trinity Cathedral of the Klopsky Monastery by decree of Ivan the Terrible. The construction of street churches also continued – for example, in 1536, residents of Zapolskaya and Konyukhova streets erected the Church of Boris and Gleb in Plotniki.<\/p>\n

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After the events of the beginning of the XVII century and until the construction of the new capital – St. Petersburg, Novgorod continued to be one of the most important cities of the Russian state. The Novgorod voivode had his own money yard, and active trade was conducted. In the 1690s, Gostiny Dvor was built on the Torgovaya side (now only the Gate Tower and the arcade from the side of the Volkhov River embankment remain from this large complex). In 1682-1688 the grandiose Znamensky Cathedral was built – a temple that appeared typical of Moscow churches of that time.<\/p>\n

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At the beginning of the XVIII century, in the development of Novgorod, urban planning principles introduced by Peter I in St. Petersburg began to be applied. The Sofia side was given a radial-semicircular layout, and the Trade side received a grid of streets consisting of rectangular quarters. In 1771, the Travel Palace was built at the end of the 18th century – Metropolitan’s chambers in the Kremlin. In 1783-1786 on the site of the Order Chamber of the 17th century, the building of the Public Places was under construction (now it is the main building of the Novgorod State United Museum-Reserve).<\/p>\n

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In the 1820s, on the site of the Small Earthen City (a complex of defensive structures built during the time of Ivan IV), a garden of about 22 hectares (now the Kremlin Park) was arranged around the Kremlin wall. In 1828, the project of Sophia Square was approved – the main square of the city, intended for reviews and parades of troops. In 1851, according to the project of A. I. Stackenschneider, the building of the Nobility Assembly was erected on it (after the war, the building was heavily rebuilt. Currently, it houses the Museum of Fine Arts). One of the most famous sights of Novgorod was the Millennium of Russia monument erected in 1862.<\/p>\n

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Museums<\/strong><\/p>\n

Novgorod Museum-Reserve:<\/p>\n